[v10] app/testpmd: support multi-process

Message ID 1618639954-31365-1-git-send-email-humin29@huawei.com (mailing list archive)
State Superseded, archived
Delegated to: Ferruh Yigit
Headers
Series [v10] app/testpmd: support multi-process |

Checks

Context Check Description
ci/checkpatch success coding style OK
ci/Intel-compilation success Compilation OK
ci/intel-Testing success Testing PASS
ci/iol-abi-testing warning Testing issues
ci/iol-intel-Performance success Performance Testing PASS
ci/iol-testing success Testing PASS

Commit Message

humin (Q) April 17, 2021, 6:12 a.m. UTC
  This patch adds multi-process support for testpmd.
The test cmd example as follows:
the primary cmd:
./dpdk-testpmd -a xxx --proc-type=auto -l 0-1 -- -i \
--rxq=4 --txq=4 --num-procs=2 --proc-id=0

the secondary cmd:
./dpdk-testpmd -a xxx --proc-type=auto -l 2-3 -- -i \
--rxq=4 --txq=4 --num-procs=2 --proc-id=1

Signed-off-by: Min Hu (Connor) <humin29@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Lijun Ou <oulijun@huawei.com>
Acked-by: Xiaoyun Li <xiaoyun.li@intel.com>
Acked-by: Ajit Khaparde <ajit.khaparde@broadcom.com>
---
v10:
* Hid process type checks behind new functions.
* Added comments.

v9:
* Updated release notes and rst doc.
* Deleted deprecated codes.
* move macro and variable.

v8:
* Added warning info about queue numbers and process numbers.

v7:
* Fixed compiling error for unexpected unindent.

v6:
* Add rte flow description for multiple process.

v5:
* Fixed run_app.rst for multiple process description.
* Fix compiling error.

v4:
* Fixed minimum vlaue of Rxq or Txq in doc.

v3:
* Fixed compiling error using gcc10.0.

v2:
* Added document for this patch.
---
 app/test-pmd/cmdline.c                 |   6 ++
 app/test-pmd/config.c                  |  21 +++++-
 app/test-pmd/parameters.c              |  11 +++
 app/test-pmd/testpmd.c                 | 127 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 app/test-pmd/testpmd.h                 |   9 +++
 doc/guides/rel_notes/release_21_05.rst |   1 +
 doc/guides/testpmd_app_ug/run_app.rst  |  86 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 7 files changed, 236 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)
  

Comments

Ferruh Yigit April 17, 2021, 10:21 p.m. UTC | #1
On 4/17/2021 7:12 AM, Min Hu (Connor) wrote:
> This patch adds multi-process support for testpmd.
> The test cmd example as follows:
> the primary cmd:
> ./dpdk-testpmd -a xxx --proc-type=auto -l 0-1 -- -i \
> --rxq=4 --txq=4 --num-procs=2 --proc-id=0
> 
> the secondary cmd:
> ./dpdk-testpmd -a xxx --proc-type=auto -l 2-3 -- -i \
> --rxq=4 --txq=4 --num-procs=2 --proc-id=1
> 
> Signed-off-by: Min Hu (Connor) <humin29@huawei.com>
> Signed-off-by: Lijun Ou <oulijun@huawei.com>
> Acked-by: Xiaoyun Li <xiaoyun.li@intel.com>
> Acked-by: Ajit Khaparde <ajit.khaparde@broadcom.com>

Hi Connor,

I put some minor syntax comments, when they are fixed,
Reviewed-by: Ferruh Yigit <ferruh.yigit@intel.com>

<...>

>   			if (diag != 0) {
> -				if (rte_atomic16_cmpset(&(port->port_status),
> -				RTE_PORT_HANDLING, RTE_PORT_STOPPED) == 0)
> -					printf("Port %d can not be set back "
> -							"to stopped\n", pi);
> -				printf("Fail to configure port %d\n", pi);
> +				if (rte_atomic16_cmpset(
> +						&(port->port_status),
> +						RTE_PORT_HANDLING,
> +						RTE_PORT_STOPPED) == 0)
> +					printf("Port %d can not be set "
> +					       "back to stopped\n", pi);

It is OK to have long line for the strings, so it can be like
printf("Port %d can not be set back to stopped\n",
	pi);

> +				printf("Fail to configure port %d\n",
> +					pi);

No need to update this line.

<...>

>   			/* Fail to setup rx queue, return */
>   			if (rte_atomic16_cmpset(&(port->port_status),
> -				RTE_PORT_HANDLING, RTE_PORT_STOPPED) == 0)
> +			RTE_PORT_HANDLING, RTE_PORT_STOPPED) == 0)
>   				printf("Port %d can not be set back to "
> -							"stopped\n", pi);
> +							"stopped\n",
> +					pi);

These are syntax changes, I think can keep these lines as it is.
  
humin (Q) April 19, 2021, 1:03 a.m. UTC | #2
Thanks Ferruh, fixed in v11, thanks.

在 2021/4/18 6:21, Ferruh Yigit 写道:
> On 4/17/2021 7:12 AM, Min Hu (Connor) wrote:
>> This patch adds multi-process support for testpmd.
>> The test cmd example as follows:
>> the primary cmd:
>> ./dpdk-testpmd -a xxx --proc-type=auto -l 0-1 -- -i \
>> --rxq=4 --txq=4 --num-procs=2 --proc-id=0
>>
>> the secondary cmd:
>> ./dpdk-testpmd -a xxx --proc-type=auto -l 2-3 -- -i \
>> --rxq=4 --txq=4 --num-procs=2 --proc-id=1
>>
>> Signed-off-by: Min Hu (Connor) <humin29@huawei.com>
>> Signed-off-by: Lijun Ou <oulijun@huawei.com>
>> Acked-by: Xiaoyun Li <xiaoyun.li@intel.com>
>> Acked-by: Ajit Khaparde <ajit.khaparde@broadcom.com>
> 
> Hi Connor,
> 
> I put some minor syntax comments, when they are fixed,
> Reviewed-by: Ferruh Yigit <ferruh.yigit@intel.com>
> 
> <...>
> 
>>               if (diag != 0) {
>> -                if (rte_atomic16_cmpset(&(port->port_status),
>> -                RTE_PORT_HANDLING, RTE_PORT_STOPPED) == 0)
>> -                    printf("Port %d can not be set back "
>> -                            "to stopped\n", pi);
>> -                printf("Fail to configure port %d\n", pi);
>> +                if (rte_atomic16_cmpset(
>> +                        &(port->port_status),
>> +                        RTE_PORT_HANDLING,
>> +                        RTE_PORT_STOPPED) == 0)
>> +                    printf("Port %d can not be set "
>> +                           "back to stopped\n", pi);
> 
> It is OK to have long line for the strings, so it can be like
> printf("Port %d can not be set back to stopped\n",
>      pi);
> 
>> +                printf("Fail to configure port %d\n",
>> +                    pi);
> 
> No need to update this line.
> 
> <...>
> 
>>               /* Fail to setup rx queue, return */
>>               if (rte_atomic16_cmpset(&(port->port_status),
>> -                RTE_PORT_HANDLING, RTE_PORT_STOPPED) == 0)
>> +            RTE_PORT_HANDLING, RTE_PORT_STOPPED) == 0)
>>                   printf("Port %d can not be set back to "
>> -                            "stopped\n", pi);
>> +                            "stopped\n",
>> +                    pi);
> 
> These are syntax changes, I think can keep these lines as it is.
> 
> .
  

Patch

diff --git a/app/test-pmd/cmdline.c b/app/test-pmd/cmdline.c
index 5bf1497..e465824 100644
--- a/app/test-pmd/cmdline.c
+++ b/app/test-pmd/cmdline.c
@@ -5354,6 +5354,12 @@  cmd_set_flush_rx_parsed(void *parsed_result,
 		__rte_unused void *data)
 {
 	struct cmd_set_flush_rx *res = parsed_result;
+
+	if (num_procs > 1 && (strcmp(res->mode, "on") == 0)) {
+		printf("multi-process doesn't support to flush rx queues.\n");
+		return;
+	}
+
 	no_flush_rx = (uint8_t)((strcmp(res->mode, "on") == 0) ? 0 : 1);
 }
 
diff --git a/app/test-pmd/config.c b/app/test-pmd/config.c
index 40b2b29..d0e5b29 100644
--- a/app/test-pmd/config.c
+++ b/app/test-pmd/config.c
@@ -2860,6 +2860,8 @@  rss_fwd_config_setup(void)
 	queueid_t  rxq;
 	queueid_t  nb_q;
 	streamid_t  sm_id;
+	int start;
+	int end;
 
 	nb_q = nb_rxq;
 	if (nb_q > nb_txq)
@@ -2877,7 +2879,22 @@  rss_fwd_config_setup(void)
 	init_fwd_streams();
 
 	setup_fwd_config_of_each_lcore(&cur_fwd_config);
-	rxp = 0; rxq = 0;
+
+	if (proc_id > 0 && nb_q % num_procs)
+		printf("Warning! queue numbers should be multiple of "
+			"processes, or packet loss will happen.\n");
+
+	/**
+	 * In multi-process, All queues are allocated to different
+	 * processes based on num_procs and proc_id. For example:
+	 * if supports 4 queues(nb_q), 2 processes(num_procs),
+	 * the 0~1 queue for primary process.
+	 * the 2~3 queue for secondary process.
+	 */
+	start = proc_id * nb_q / num_procs;
+	end = start + nb_q / num_procs;
+	rxp = 0;
+	rxq = start;
 	for (sm_id = 0; sm_id < cur_fwd_config.nb_fwd_streams; sm_id++) {
 		struct fwd_stream *fs;
 
@@ -2894,6 +2911,8 @@  rss_fwd_config_setup(void)
 			continue;
 		rxp = 0;
 		rxq++;
+		if (rxq >= end)
+			rxq = start;
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/app/test-pmd/parameters.c b/app/test-pmd/parameters.c
index f3954c1..ece05c1 100644
--- a/app/test-pmd/parameters.c
+++ b/app/test-pmd/parameters.c
@@ -508,6 +508,9 @@  parse_link_speed(int n)
 void
 launch_args_parse(int argc, char** argv)
 {
+#define PARAM_PROC_ID "proc-id"
+#define PARAM_NUM_PROCS "num-procs"
+
 	int n, opt;
 	char **argvopt;
 	int opt_idx;
@@ -625,6 +628,8 @@  launch_args_parse(int argc, char** argv)
 		{ "rx-mq-mode",                 1, 0, 0 },
 		{ "record-core-cycles",         0, 0, 0 },
 		{ "record-burst-stats",         0, 0, 0 },
+		{ PARAM_NUM_PROCS,              1, 0, 0 },
+		{ PARAM_PROC_ID,                1, 0, 0 },
 		{ 0, 0, 0, 0 },
 	};
 
@@ -1391,6 +1396,12 @@  launch_args_parse(int argc, char** argv)
 				record_core_cycles = 1;
 			if (!strcmp(lgopts[opt_idx].name, "record-burst-stats"))
 				record_burst_stats = 1;
+			if (strncmp(lgopts[opt_idx].name,
+				    PARAM_NUM_PROCS, 9) == 0)
+				num_procs = atoi(optarg);
+			if (strncmp(lgopts[opt_idx].name,
+				    PARAM_PROC_ID, 7) == 0)
+				proc_id = atoi(optarg);
 			break;
 		case 'h':
 			usage(argv[0]);
diff --git a/app/test-pmd/testpmd.c b/app/test-pmd/testpmd.c
index 96d2e0f..737a8e7 100644
--- a/app/test-pmd/testpmd.c
+++ b/app/test-pmd/testpmd.c
@@ -518,6 +518,62 @@  enum rte_eth_rx_mq_mode rx_mq_mode = ETH_MQ_RX_VMDQ_DCB_RSS;
  */
 uint32_t eth_link_speed;
 
+/*
+ * Id of the current process in multi-process, used to
+ * configure the queues to be polled.
+ */
+int proc_id;
+
+/*
+ * Number of processes in multi-process, used to
+ * configure the queues to be polled.
+ */
+unsigned int num_procs = 1;
+
+static int
+eth_dev_configure_mp(uint16_t port_id, uint16_t nb_rx_q, uint16_t nb_tx_q,
+		      const struct rte_eth_conf *dev_conf)
+{
+	if (is_proc_primary())
+		return rte_eth_dev_configure(port_id, nb_rx_q, nb_tx_q,
+					dev_conf);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+eth_dev_start_mp(uint16_t port_id)
+{
+	if (is_proc_primary())
+		return rte_eth_dev_start(port_id);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+eth_dev_stop_mp(uint16_t port_id)
+{
+	if (is_proc_primary())
+		return rte_eth_dev_stop(port_id);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+mempool_free_mp(struct rte_mempool *mp)
+{
+	if (is_proc_primary())
+		return rte_mempool_free(mp);
+}
+
+static int
+eth_dev_set_mtu_mp(uint16_t port_id, uint16_t mtu)
+{
+	if (is_proc_primary())
+		return rte_eth_dev_set_mtu(port_id, mtu);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
 /* Forward function declarations */
 static void setup_attached_port(portid_t pi);
 static void check_all_ports_link_status(uint32_t port_mask);
@@ -977,6 +1033,11 @@  mbuf_pool_create(uint16_t mbuf_seg_size, unsigned nb_mbuf,
 	mb_size = sizeof(struct rte_mbuf) + mbuf_seg_size;
 	mbuf_poolname_build(socket_id, pool_name, sizeof(pool_name), size_idx);
 
+	if (!is_proc_primary()) {
+		rte_mp = rte_mempool_lookup(pool_name);
+		goto err;
+	}
+
 	TESTPMD_LOG(INFO,
 		"create a new mbuf pool <%s>: n=%u, size=%u, socket=%u\n",
 		pool_name, nb_mbuf, mbuf_seg_size, socket_id);
@@ -1059,9 +1120,14 @@  mbuf_pool_create(uint16_t mbuf_seg_size, unsigned nb_mbuf,
 
 err:
 	if (rte_mp == NULL) {
-		rte_exit(EXIT_FAILURE,
-			"Creation of mbuf pool for socket %u failed: %s\n",
-			socket_id, rte_strerror(rte_errno));
+		if (is_proc_primary())
+			rte_exit(EXIT_FAILURE,
+				"Creation of mbuf pool for socket %u failed: %s\n",
+				socket_id, rte_strerror(rte_errno));
+		else
+			rte_exit(EXIT_FAILURE,
+				"Get mbuf pool for socket %u failed: %s\n",
+				socket_id, rte_strerror(rte_errno));
 	} else if (verbose_level > 0) {
 		rte_mempool_dump(stdout, rte_mp);
 	}
@@ -2002,6 +2068,12 @@  flush_fwd_rx_queues(void)
 	uint64_t prev_tsc = 0, diff_tsc, cur_tsc, timer_tsc = 0;
 	uint64_t timer_period;
 
+	if (num_procs > 1) {
+		printf("multi-process not support for flushing fwd rx "
+		       "queues, skip the below lines and return.\n");
+		return;
+	}
+
 	/* convert to number of cycles */
 	timer_period = rte_get_timer_hz(); /* 1 second timeout */
 
@@ -2511,21 +2583,25 @@  start_port(portid_t pid)
 				return -1;
 			}
 			/* configure port */
-			diag = rte_eth_dev_configure(pi, nb_rxq + nb_hairpinq,
-						     nb_txq + nb_hairpinq,
-						     &(port->dev_conf));
+			diag = eth_dev_configure_mp(pi,
+					     nb_rxq + nb_hairpinq,
+					     nb_txq + nb_hairpinq,
+					     &(port->dev_conf));
 			if (diag != 0) {
-				if (rte_atomic16_cmpset(&(port->port_status),
-				RTE_PORT_HANDLING, RTE_PORT_STOPPED) == 0)
-					printf("Port %d can not be set back "
-							"to stopped\n", pi);
-				printf("Fail to configure port %d\n", pi);
+				if (rte_atomic16_cmpset(
+						&(port->port_status),
+						RTE_PORT_HANDLING,
+						RTE_PORT_STOPPED) == 0)
+					printf("Port %d can not be set "
+					       "back to stopped\n", pi);
+				printf("Fail to configure port %d\n",
+					pi);
 				/* try to reconfigure port next time */
 				port->need_reconfig = 1;
 				return -1;
 			}
 		}
-		if (port->need_reconfig_queues > 0) {
+		if (port->need_reconfig_queues > 0 && is_proc_primary()) {
 			port->need_reconfig_queues = 0;
 			/* setup tx queues */
 			for (qi = 0; qi < nb_txq; qi++) {
@@ -2626,16 +2702,17 @@  start_port(portid_t pid)
 		cnt_pi++;
 
 		/* start port */
-		diag = rte_eth_dev_start(pi);
+		diag = eth_dev_start_mp(pi);
 		if (diag < 0) {
 			printf("Fail to start port %d: %s\n", pi,
 			       rte_strerror(-diag));
 
 			/* Fail to setup rx queue, return */
 			if (rte_atomic16_cmpset(&(port->port_status),
-				RTE_PORT_HANDLING, RTE_PORT_STOPPED) == 0)
+			RTE_PORT_HANDLING, RTE_PORT_STOPPED) == 0)
 				printf("Port %d can not be set back to "
-							"stopped\n", pi);
+							"stopped\n",
+					pi);
 			continue;
 		}
 
@@ -2765,7 +2842,7 @@  stop_port(portid_t pid)
 		if (port->flow_list)
 			port_flow_flush(pi);
 
-		if (rte_eth_dev_stop(pi) != 0)
+		if (eth_dev_stop_mp(pi) != 0)
 			RTE_LOG(ERR, EAL, "rte_eth_dev_stop failed for port %u\n",
 				pi);
 
@@ -2834,8 +2911,10 @@  close_port(portid_t pid)
 			continue;
 		}
 
-		port_flow_flush(pi);
-		rte_eth_dev_close(pi);
+		if (is_proc_primary()) {
+			port_flow_flush(pi);
+			rte_eth_dev_close(pi);
+		}
 	}
 
 	remove_invalid_ports();
@@ -3100,7 +3179,7 @@  pmd_test_exit(void)
 	}
 	for (i = 0 ; i < RTE_DIM(mempools) ; i++) {
 		if (mempools[i])
-			rte_mempool_free(mempools[i]);
+			mempool_free_mp(mempools[i]);
 	}
 
 	printf("\nBye...\n");
@@ -3431,7 +3510,7 @@  update_jumbo_frame_offload(portid_t portid)
 	 * if unset do it here
 	 */
 	if ((rx_offloads & DEV_RX_OFFLOAD_JUMBO_FRAME) == 0) {
-		ret = rte_eth_dev_set_mtu(portid,
+		ret = eth_dev_set_mtu_mp(portid,
 				port->dev_conf.rxmode.max_rx_pkt_len - eth_overhead);
 		if (ret)
 			printf("Failed to set MTU to %u for port %u\n",
@@ -3621,6 +3700,10 @@  init_port_dcb_config(portid_t pid,
 	int retval;
 	uint16_t i;
 
+	if (num_procs > 1) {
+		printf("The multi-process feature doesn't support dcb.\n");
+		return -ENOTSUP;
+	}
 	rte_port = &ports[pid];
 
 	memset(&port_conf, 0, sizeof(struct rte_eth_conf));
@@ -3786,10 +3869,6 @@  main(int argc, char** argv)
 		rte_exit(EXIT_FAILURE, "Cannot init EAL: %s\n",
 			 rte_strerror(rte_errno));
 
-	if (rte_eal_process_type() == RTE_PROC_SECONDARY)
-		rte_exit(EXIT_FAILURE,
-			 "Secondary process type not supported.\n");
-
 	ret = register_eth_event_callback();
 	if (ret != 0)
 		rte_exit(EXIT_FAILURE, "Cannot register for ethdev events");
diff --git a/app/test-pmd/testpmd.h b/app/test-pmd/testpmd.h
index 36d8535..4c8f8bc 100644
--- a/app/test-pmd/testpmd.h
+++ b/app/test-pmd/testpmd.h
@@ -630,6 +630,15 @@  extern struct mplsoudp_decap_conf mplsoudp_decap_conf;
 
 extern enum rte_eth_rx_mq_mode rx_mq_mode;
 
+extern int proc_id;
+extern unsigned int num_procs;
+
+static inline bool
+is_proc_primary(void)
+{
+	return rte_eal_process_type() == RTE_PROC_PRIMARY;
+}
+
 static inline unsigned int
 lcore_num(void)
 {
diff --git a/doc/guides/rel_notes/release_21_05.rst b/doc/guides/rel_notes/release_21_05.rst
index 3bd7757..df01d4f 100644
--- a/doc/guides/rel_notes/release_21_05.rst
+++ b/doc/guides/rel_notes/release_21_05.rst
@@ -185,6 +185,7 @@  New Features
     ``show port (port_id) rxq (queue_id) desc used count``
   * Added command to dump internal representation information of single flow.
     ``flow dump (port_id) rule (rule_id)``
+  * Added support multi-process for testpmd.
 
 
 Removed Items
diff --git a/doc/guides/testpmd_app_ug/run_app.rst b/doc/guides/testpmd_app_ug/run_app.rst
index ec1dc7d..d714951 100644
--- a/doc/guides/testpmd_app_ug/run_app.rst
+++ b/doc/guides/testpmd_app_ug/run_app.rst
@@ -551,3 +551,89 @@  The command line options are:
     bit 1 - two hairpin ports paired
     bit 0 - two hairpin ports loop
     The default value is 0. Hairpin will use single port mode and implicit Tx flow mode.
+
+
+Testpmd Support Multi Process Command-line Options
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+The following are the command-line options for the testpmd applications(support
+multi process).They must be separated from the EAL options, shown in the previous
+section, with a ``--`` separator:
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+	primary process:
+	sudo ./dpdk-testpmd -a xxx --proc-type=auto -l 0-1 -- -i --rxq=4 --txq=4 \
+        --num-procs=2 --proc-id=0
+
+	secondary process:
+	sudo ./dpdk-testpmd -a xxx --proc-type=auto -l 2-3 -- -i --rxq=4 --txq=4 \
+        --num-procs=2 --proc-id=1
+
+The command line options are:
+
+*   ``--rxq=N``
+
+    Set the number of Rx queues per port to N. N is the sum of queues used by primary
+    and secondary process. Primary process and secondary process should have separate
+    queues, and each should occupy at least one queue. Where N should be the multiple
+    of number of processes.
+
+*   ``--txq=N``
+
+    Set the number of Tx queues per port to N. N is the sum of queues used by primary
+    and secondary process. Primary process and secondary process should have separate
+    queues, and each should occupy at least one queue. Where N should be the multiple
+    of number of processes.
+
+*   ``--num-procs=N``
+
+    The number of processes which will be used.
+
+*   ``--proc-id=id``
+
+    The id of the current process (id < num-procs). id should be different in primary
+    process and secondary process.
+
+Calculation rule for queue:
+All queues are allocated to different processes based on proc_num and proc_id.
+Calculation rule for the Testpmd to allocate queues to each process:
+start(queue start id) = proc_id * nb_q / num_procs;
+end(queue end id) = start + nb_q / num_procs;
+
+For example, if supports 4 txq and rxq
+the 0~1 for primary process
+the 2~3 for secondary process
+
+The number of rings should be a multiple of the number of processes. If not,
+redundant queues will exist after queues are allocated to processes. After RSS is
+enabled, packet loss occurs when traffic is sent to all processes at the same time.
+Some traffic enters redundant queues and cannot be forwarded.
+
+Most dev ops is supported in primary and secondary process. While secondary process
+is not permitted to allocate or release shared memory, so some ops are not supported
+as follows:
+``dev_configure``
+``dev_start``
+``dev_stop``
+``rx_queue_setup``
+``tx_queue_setup``
+``rx_queue_release``
+``tx_queue_release``
+
+So, any command from testpmd which calls those APIs will not be supported in secondary
+process, like:
+``port config all rxq|txq|rxd|txd <value>``
+``port config <port_id> rx_offload xxx on/off ``
+``port config <port_id> tx_offload xxx on/off``
+etc.
+
+RTE_FLOW supported, it applies only on its own process on SW side, but all on HW size.
+stats supported, stats will not change when one quit and start, As they share the same
+buffer to store the stats. Flow rules are maintained in process level: primary and secondary
+has its own flow list(but one flow list in HW). The two can see all the queues, so setting
+the flow rules for the other is OK. Of course, io(receive or transmit packets) in the queue
+from others is not permitted.
+
+RSS supported, Primary process and secondary process has separate queues to use, RSS
+will work in their own queues whether primary and secondary process.